History of computer Generation of Computer by Dinesh Thakur Category: Introduction to Computer Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. Therefore computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably. Oct 07, 2019  Computer keyboard key explanations Updated: by Computer Hope When dealing with technical commands that use a keyboard (for example, web pages or the command line ), you may hear such things as forward slash, backslash, and caret. The Five Generations of Computing Essay Sample The history of computer development is often referred to in terms of five distinct eras, or “generations” of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly.

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• Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters List
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Computers are such an integral part of our everyday life now most people take them and what they have added to life totally for granted.

Even more so the generation who have grown from infancy within the global desktop and laptop revolution since the 1980s.

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters 2017

The history of the computer goes back several decades however and there are five definable generations of computers.

Each generation is defined by a significant technological development that changes fundamentally how computers operate – leading to more compact, less expensive, but more powerful, efficient and robust machines.

1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. As a result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run. These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused ongoing breakdowns.

These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most basic programming language that can be understood by computers). These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape. Output came out on print-outs. The two notable machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau.

1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors

The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.

The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’) languages. This meant programmers could create instructions in words. About the same time high level programming languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their memories – moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’. The early versions of these machines were developed for the atomic energy industry.

1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines. These were the first computers where users interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central program which functioned to monitor memory.

As a result of these advances which again made machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass market of users emerged during the ‘60s.

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors

This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw the first ever computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by Apple. Microprocessors even moved beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number of everyday products.

The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked, creating networks. Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid evolution of the Internet. Other major advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and more recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.

2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence

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Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.

AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and nano technology.

The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability to learn and organise themselves.

• David Burns is Marketing and Communications Manager for Origin IT davidb@originit.co.nz www.originit.co.nz

Computers are considered as the most important electronic device in today’s life. Nowadays, human civilization wants every single operation to be computerized. From medical, travel, education to shopping, we are using computers. But there is a wide history of the development of computers. It includes different generations of computers to fulfill our need. In this article, we will discuss all the different generations of computers with details.

Generations of computers :

Generations of computers are changing with time since it becomes commercially available during early 1950’s. Thereafter, many significant development stages have taken place to improve the efficiency and power of the computers. These stages of development of computers are termed as first, second, third, fourth and fifth generations of computers.

First generations of computers (From 1946-1959) :

The following are the characteristics of first generation computers :

Vacuum tubes were used as the principal electronic components in the first generations of computers.

A large amount of space was occupied by these computers.

Speed was normally measured in milliseconds.

The first generation of computers had a limited storage capacity to store data, magnetic drums were used for storing data.

For input and output operations, punched cards were used.

The first generation of computers generated more heats.

A huge amount of electricity was consumed.

Basically, machine languages were used to program the first generations of computers.

These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time.

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

The first generations of computers were very costly.

Second generations of computers (From 1959-1965):

The following are the characteristics of second generation computers :

Solid state electronic components such as transistor and diodes were used as the principal electronic components in the second generation of computers.

Speed was normally measured in microseconds.

The heat was reduced marginally as compared to the first generations of computers.

Processing speed and reliability had improved remarkably.

Magnetic tapes besides punch cards were also used for input-output operations in the second generation of computers.

A huge improvement of storage capacity.

Assembly languages were used to program the second generations of computers.

The second generations of computers consumed lower electricity and space compared to the first generation of computers.

IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108 etc are some example of the second generation of computers.

Third generations of computers (From 1965-1971) :

The following are the characteristics of third generation computers :

Integrated Circuits (IC) were used as the principal electronic components in the third generation of computers.

The speed of computation was normally measured in nanoseconds.

They occupied less storage and consumed less electricity.

Monitors, line printers, magnetic tapes etc were used as the primary input-output device.

This generation’s computers were smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.

Some important concepts like remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were introduced in the second generation of computers.

High-level programming languages such as FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL etc were used to program the computers.

They generated less heat and required less maintenance.

IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series etc are some example of the third generation of computers.

Fourth generations of computers (From 1971-1980) :

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters List

The following are the characteristics of fourth generation computers :

Computers of the fourth generation used microprocessor chip i.e. the entire CPU is combined on a single small silicon chip.

The speed was measured in nano and picoseconds.

The fourth generation of computers occupied lesser space.

They are programmed using the high-level languages such as C, C++ etc.

They were relatively cheap, reliable, portable and also more powerful and affordable than older generations.

In the fourth generation of computers, time-sharing, real-time networks and distributed operating system were used.

They were commonly available as personal computers.

From the concept of the microprocessor, mini and microcomputers were also developed.

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters Pictures

DEC 10, STAR 1000 are some of the examples of fourth generations of computers.

Fifth generations of computers (From 1980 - Now) :

The following are the characteristics of fifth generation computers :

In the fifth generation of computers, the super large scale integration (SLSI) chips were used and it introduced the concept of supercomputers.

Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters List

The fifth generations of computers can perform millions of instructions in a second.

Due to the higher performance capability, the speed of computation is very high.

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) was used for processing.

The fifth generation of computers i.e. the supercomputers are very expensive due to its capability.

All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java etc. are used in this generation.

Parallel processing hardware and the concept of Artificial Intelligence is introduced in the fifth generation of computers.

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Write Down The Various Generations Of Computer With Key Characters And Meanings

Also Read: CPU and its components

Feel Free to Share this:Tags: characteristics of different generations of computer,explain the features of generations of computers,generations of computers,generations of computers notesDebarshi Das is a passionate blogger & full-stack JavaScript developer from Guwahati, Assam. He has a deep interest in robotics too. He holds a BSc degree in Information Technology & currently pursuing Masters of Computer Application (MCA) from a premier govt. engineering college. He is also certified as a chip-level computer hardware expert from an ISO certified institute.

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